Phytoplankton play a crucial role in marine ecosystems and climate regulation. They store atmospheric CO2 and produce half of the planet's oxygen through photosynthesis. However, the mechanisms governing their distribution are not yet fully understood.
In a study led by scientists from the CNRS and Sorbonne University, researchers discovered that diatoms, a type of phytoplankton, use light variation sensors known as phytochromes to detect changes in the light spectrum in the water column. This enables them to determine their vertical position and adjust their biological activities, such as photosynthesis, in response to environmental conditions. This ability is particularly crucial in turbulent waters, such as those found in high-latitude, temperate, and polar regions, where significant water mixing occurs.
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By analyzing environmental genomic data from marine sampling campaigns by TaraOceans, the researchers found that only diatoms from areas beyond the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn possess these light sensors. These regions are marked by significant seasonal variations, including major changes in day length, indicating that phytochromes help diatoms track seasonal time.
This study, published in Nature on December 18, 2024, provides new insights into the mechanisms by which phytoplankton detect and respond to light in their environments. It underscores the value of integrated approaches, combining laboratory and field research, to better understand marine ecosystems and how organisms adapt to environmental changes.
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